abstract：OBJECTIVE:To determine the direct medical costs of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) to the National Brazilian Health-Care System (NBHCS) and quantify the contribution of each individual component to the total cost. METHODS:A retrospective, cross-sectional, nationwide multicentre study was conducted between 2008 and 201...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Cobas RA,Ferraz MB,Matheus AS,Tannus LR,Negrato CA,Antonio de Araujo L,Dib SA,Gomes MB,Brazilian Type 1 Diabetes Study Group.

更新日期：2013-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the screening measures that would have been required to assess all travellers at risk of transporting A(H1N1)pdm09 out of Mexico by air at the start of the 2009 pandemic. METHODS:Data from flight itineraries for travellers who flew from Mexico were used to estimate the number of international air...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Khan K,Eckhardt R,Brownstein JS,Naqvi R,Hu W,Kossowsky D,Scales D,Arino J,MacDonald M,Wang J,Sears J,Cetron MS

更新日期：2013-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In China, alcohol consumption is increasing faster than anywhere else in the world. A steady increase in alcohol production has also been observed in the country, together with a rise in alcohol-related harm. Despite these trends, China's policies on the sale and consumption of alcoholic beverages are weak compared wi...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Tang YL,Xiang XJ,Wang XY,Cubells JF,Babor TF,Hao W

更新日期：2013-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：OBJECTIVE:To develop a model for identifying areas at high risk for sporadic measles outbreaks based on an analysis of factors associated with a national outbreak in South Africa between 2009 and 2011. METHODS:Data on cases occurring before and during the national outbreak were obtained from the South African measles ...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Sartorius B,Cohen C,Chirwa T,Ntshoe G,Puren A,Hofman K

更新日期：2013-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The United Republic of Tanzania is the first mainland sub-Saharan country to launch a national methadone programme as part of its battle to fight the twin epidemics of heroin addiction and HIV infection. Fumbuka Ng'wanakilala reports. ...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors：

更新日期：2013-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：OBJECTIVE:To determine whether integrating antiretroviral therapy (ART) into antenatal care (ANC) and maternal and child health (MCH) clinics could improve programmatic and patient outcomes. METHODS:The authors systematically searched PubMed, Embase, African Index Medicus and LiLACS for randomized controlled trials, p...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Suthar AB,Hoos D,Beqiri A,Lorenz-Dehne K,McClure C,Duncombe C

更新日期：2013-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：OBJECTIVE:To estimate the global cost of establishing and operating the educational and refractive care facilities required to provide care to all individuals who currently have vision impairment resulting from uncorrected refractive error (URE). METHODS:The global cost of correcting URE was estimated using data on th...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Fricke TR,Holden BA,Wilson DA,Schlenther G,Naidoo KS,Resnikoff S,Frick KD

更新日期：2012-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：OBJECTIVE:To assess the implications of implementing the World Health Organization (WHO) 2010 guidelines for antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation in adults and adolescents with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, which recommend initiating ART at a CD4+ T lymphocyte (CD4+) threshold of ≤ 350 cells/mm(3) in...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Konings E,Ambaw Y,Dilley K,Gichangi P,Arega T,Crandall B

更新日期：2012-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：OBJECTIVE:To compare sentinel and population-based surveillance of the effect of seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7), introduced in 2000, on the hospitalization of children aged under 5 years with invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in the United States of America. METHODS:Population surveillance data w...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Hampton LM,Zell ER,Schrag S,Cohen AL

更新日期：2012-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：OBJECTIVE:To assess the effectiveness of treatment for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in low- and middle-income countries and identify factors associated with successful outcomes. METHODS:We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies of HCV treatment programmes in low- and middle-income countries. T...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Ford N,Kirby C,Singh K,Mills EJ,Cooke G,Kamarulzaman A,duCros P

更新日期：2012-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：OBJECTIVE:To develop a tool for evaluating the risk that an outbreak of meningitis will occur in a particular district of the Niger after outbreaks have been reported in other, specified districts of the country. METHODS:A Bayesian network was represented by a graph composed of 38 nodes (one for each district in the N...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Beresniak A,Bertherat E,Perea W,Soga G,Souley R,Dupont D,Hugonnet S

更新日期：2012-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:E-health encompasses a diverse set of informatics tools that have been designed to improve public health and health care. Little information is available on the impacts of e-health programmes, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. We therefore conducted a scoping review of the published and non-published l...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Piette JD,Lun KC,Moura LA Jr,Fraser HS,Mechael PN,Powell J,Khoja SR

更新日期：2012-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：OBJECTIVE:To examine the impact of maternity waiting homes on the use of facility-based birthing services for women in two remote districts of Timor-Leste. METHODS:A before-and-after study design was used to compare the number of facility-based births in women who lived at different distances (0-5, 6-25, 26-50 and > 5...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Wild K,Barclay L,Kelly P,Martins N

更新日期：2012-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：OBJECTIVE:To determine how much influenza contributes to severe acute respiratory illness (SARI), a leading cause of death in children, among people of all ages in Bangladesh. METHODS:Physicians obtained nasal and throat swabs to test for influenza virus from patients who were hospitalized within 7 days of the onset o...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Azziz-Baumgartner E,Alamgir AS,Rahman M,Homaira N,Sohel BM,Sharker MA,Zaman RU,Dee J,Gurley ES,Al Mamun A,Mah-E-Muneer S,Fry AM,Widdowson MA,Bresee J,Lindstrom S,Azim T,Brooks A,Podder G,Hossain MJ,Rahman M,Luby S

更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Lay health workers are key to achieving universal health-care coverage, therefore measuring worker attrition and identifying its determinants should be an integral part of any lay health worker programme. Both published and unpublished research on lay health workers has largely focused on the types of interventions th...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Nkonki L,Cliff J,Sanders D

更新日期：2011-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Public and political awareness of emerging infectious diseases is growing, as animal and human health specialists work closer together to avert potential outbreaks. ...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Fleck F,Braine T

更新日期：2011-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Coordinated global efforts to prevent and control malaria have been a tour-de-force for public health, but success appears to have reached a plateau in many parts of the world. While this is a multifaceted problem, policy strategies have largely ignored genetic variations in humans as a factor that influences both sel...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Roederer MW,McLeod H,Juliano JJ

更新日期：2011-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：OBJECTIVE:To explore excess paediatric mortality after discharge from Kilifi District Hospital, Kenya, and its duration and risk factors. METHODS:Hospital and demographic data were used to describe post-discharge mortality and survival probability in children aged < 15 years, by age group and clinical syndrome. Cox re...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Moïsi JC,Gatakaa H,Berkley JA,Maitland K,Mturi N,Newton CR,Njuguna P,Nokes J,Ojal J,Bauni E,Tsofa B,Peshu N,Marsh K,Williams TN,Scott JA

更新日期：2011-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The health of prisoners is among the poorest of any population group and the apparent inequalities pose both a challenge and an opportunity for country health systems. The high rates of imprisonment in many countries, the resulting overcrowding, characteristics of prison populations and the disproportionate prevalence...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： van den Bergh BJ,Gatherer A,Fraser A,Moller L

更新日期：2011-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：OBJECTIVE:To appraise the process of development and clinical content of national human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) clinical practice guidelines of countries in the eastern Mediterranean and to formulate recommendations for future guideline development and adaptation. METHODS:Twenty-three countries in the World Healt...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： De Weggheleire A,Bortolotti V,Zolfo M,Crowley S,Colebunders R,Riedner G,Lynen L

更新日期：2011-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：OBJECTIVE:To increase case-finding of infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in Zambia and their referral to HIV care and treatment by supplementing existing client-initiated voluntary counselling and testing (VCT), the dominant mode of HIV testing in the country. METHODS:Lay counsellors offered provider-in...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Topp SM,Chipukuma JM,Chiko MM,Wamulume CS,Bolton-Moore C,Reid SE

更新日期：2011-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：OBJECTIVE:To examine the use of contraception in 13 countries in sub-Saharan Africa; to assess changes in met need for contraception associated with wealth-related inequity; and to describe the relationship between the use of long-term versus short-term contraceptive methods and a woman's fertility intentions and house...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Creanga AA,Gillespie D,Karklins S,Tsui AO

更新日期：2011-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：OBJECTIVE:To determine the fraction of individuals with high total serum cholesterol who get diagnosed and effectively treated in eight high- and middle-income countries. METHODS:Using data from nationally representative health examination surveys conducted in 1998-2007, we studied a probability sample of 79 039 adult...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Roth GA,Fihn SD,Mokdad AH,Aekplakorn W,Hasegawa T,Lim SS

更新日期：2011-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：OBJECTIVE:To determine paediatric blood sample volume limits that are consistent with physiological "minimal risk." METHODS:A literature review was performed to search for evidence concerning the adverse effects of blood sampling in children and for guidelines on sampling volume in paediatric research. The search incl...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Howie SR

更新日期：2011-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Sub-Saharan Africa is undergoing health transition as increased globalization and accompanying urbanization are causing a double burden of communicable and noncommunicable diseases. Rates of communicable diseases such as HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria in Africa are the highest in the world. The impact of noncommun...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Maher D,Smeeth L,Sekajugo J

更新日期：2010-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：OBJECTIVE:To determine if educating caregivers in providing zinc supplements to infants < 6 months old with acute diarrhoea is effective in treating diarrhoea and preventing acute lower respiratory infections (ALRIs), and whether it leads to a decrease in the use of oral rehydration salts (ORS). METHODS:In this retros...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Mazumder S,Taneja S,Bhandari N,Dube B,Agarwal RC,Mahalanabis D,Fontaine O,Black RE

更新日期：2010-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：OBJECTIVE:To determine whether home visits for neonatal care by community health workers can reduce infant and neonatal deaths and stillbirths in resource-limited settings. METHODS:We conducted a systematic review up to 2008 of controlled trials comparing various intervention packages, one of them being home visits fo...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Gogia S,Sachdev HS

更新日期：2010-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：OBJECTIVE:To determine the extent to which the community-directed approach used in onchocerciasis control in Africa could effectively and efficiently provide integrated delivery of other health interventions. METHODS:A three-year experimental study was undertaken in 35 health districts from 2005 to 2007 in seven resea...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： CDI Study Group.

更新日期：2010-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：PROBLEM:Streptococcus suis is a common cause of adult bacterial meningitis in Viet Nam, and possibly other parts of Asia, yet this disabling infection has been largely neglected. Prevention, diagnosis and treatment are relatively straightforward and affordable but, in early 2007, no national diagnostic, case management...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Horby P,Wertheim H,Ha NH,Trung NV,Trinh DT,Taylor W,Ha NM,Lien TT,Farrar J,Van Kinh N

更新日期：2010-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In most countries of the world there is a shortage of nurses but nowhere is it so acute as in the developing world. With International Nursing Day on 12 May 2010, Kathryn Senior investigates. ...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Senior K

更新日期：2010-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：OBJECTIVE:To determine the leading causes of fatal injury for urban South African children aged 0-14 years, the distribution of those causes and the current potential for safety improvements. METHODS:We obtained injury surveillance data from the National Injury Mortality Surveillance System 2001-2003 for six major Sou...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Burrows S,van Niekerk A,Laflamme L

更新日期：2010-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：PROBLEM:Acute diarrhoeal diseases and acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are the most common causes of child mortality worldwide. Safe, effective and inexpensive solutions are available for prevention and control, but they do not reach needy communities. APPROACH:Interventions based on research were designed to train...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Ghimire M,Pradhan YV,Maskey MK

更新日期：2010-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：OBJECTIVE:To assess the value of self-rated health assessments by examining the association between education and self-rated poor health. METHODS:We used the globally representative population-based sample from the 2002 World Health Survey, composed of 219,713 men and women aged 25 and over in 69 countries, to examine...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Subramanian SV,Huijts T,Avendano M

更新日期：2010-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：OBJECTIVE:To examine the prevalence of multiple types of maltreatment (MTM), potentially confounding factors and associations with depression, anxiety and self-esteem among adolescents in Viet Nam. METHODS:In 2006 we conducted a cross-sectional survey of 2591 students (aged 12-18 years; 52.1% female) from randomly-sel...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Nguyen HT,Dunne MP,Le AV

更新日期：2010-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：OBJECTIVE:To summarize the existing evidence on the efficacy of artemether and arteether, two artemisinin derivatives, versus quinine for treating cerebral malaria in children. METHODS:We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, EMBASE and the http://clinicaltrials.gov web site. We also ch...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Kyu HH,Fernández E

更新日期：2009-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This paper considers new developments to strengthen sexual and reproductive health and HIV linkages and discusses factors that continue to impede progress. It is based on a previous review undertaken for the United Kingdom Department for International Development in 2006 that examined the constraints and opportunities...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Dickinson C,Attawell K,Druce N

更新日期：2009-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：OBJECTIVE:To explore what individuals at risk of injury from using paraffin (also known as kerosene) know about paraffin safety, what they do to protect themselves and their families from paraffin-related injury, and how they perceive their risk for such injury. Also, to explore interrelations between these factors and...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Schwebel DC,Swart D,Hui SK,Simpson J,Hobe P

更新日期：2009-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Risk communication guidelines widely used in public health are based on the psychometric paradigm of risk, which focuses on risk perception at the level of individuals. However, infectious disease outbreaks and other public health emergencies are more than public health events and occur in a highly charged political, ...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Abraham T

更新日期：2009-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Options for health financing reform are often portrayed as a choice between general taxation (known as the Beveridge model) and social health insurance (known as the Bismarck model). Ten years of health financing reform in Kyrgyzstan, since the introduction of its compulsory health insurance fund in 1997, provide an e...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Kutzin J,Ibraimova A,Jakab M,O'Dougherty S

更新日期：2009-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：OBJECTIVE:To compare the effectiveness of oral ivermectin (IV) and two different modalities of topical benzyl benzoate (BB) for treating scabies in a community setting. METHODS:The trial included patients aged 5-65 years with scabies who attended the dermatology department at the Institut d'Hygiène Sociale in Dakar, S...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Ly F,Caumes E,Ndaw CA,Ndiaye B,Mahé A

更新日期：2009-06-01 00:00:00